Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies. It has a poor prognosis due to its rapid infiltrating growth and complicated liver cirrhosis.

Both invasion and recurrence are the major reasons that limited the therapeutic prognosis of bladder cancer.

The prognosis of patients with advanced bladder cancer is still extremely poor despite recent therapeutic advances, such as improved surgical techniques and perioperative combination chemotherapy.