Approximately three out of five diabetic people have at least one complication, such as heart disease, stroke, eye damage, foot problems, or chronic kidney disease.

So we have probably selected out patients at low risk of nephropathy development because this was a retinopathy study, this was not a nephropathy study.

Objective To explore the changes and significance of retinol-binding protein (RBP) in early diabetic nephropathy (DN).