In combinatorial mathematics, a derangement is a permutation of the elements of a set such that none of the elements appear in their original position.The number of derangements of a set of size n, usually written Dn, dn, or !n, is called the "derangement number" or "de Montmort number". (These numbers are generalized to rencontres numbers.) The subfactorial function (not to be confused with the factorial n!) maps n to !n. No standard notation for subfactorials is agreed upon; n¡ is sometimes used instead of !n.The problem of counting derangements was first considered by Pierre Raymond de Montmort in 1708; he solved it in 1713, as did Nicholas Bernoulli at about the same time.