后一要求也被称为焦点公理(Focus axiom)，它规定贫穷测量要以绝对贫穷线 （absolute poverty line）为标准，并表现出有别于生活水平测量和不均等测量的特性（邱东， 1996）。
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Like a line in the sand, an absolute poverty standard shows whether the economic tide is moving in or out. It does not matter too much where on the beach it is drawn.
就像在沙滩上划线，绝对贫困标准显示经济潮流是进是退，和这条线划在沙滩的哪里没有太大的关系。
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The authors thus base their absolute poverty line on the 15 countries in their sample below this threshold.
ECONOMIST: Has ��a dollar a day�� had its day?
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