At last the author discussed the standpoint that illegitimacy of action should not be considered as an essential element for the liability of environmental infringement.

最后，文章对行为违法性是否是承担环境侵权民事责任的必要要件进行了探讨。

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Production planning was seen as an essential element in improving efficiency. Why might that be the case?

生产计划的编制被认为是提高效率的关键因素，为什么？

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As an essential element in tort liability, the causation plays a very important role undoubtedly.

作为侵权责任的构成要件，因果关系的重要地位不容质疑。

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However, as was the case for the Reagan recovery, a strong dollar was an essential element of Clinton's prosperity program.

FORBES: Magazine Article