Past research has called these beliefs "mindsets", with a "fixed mindset" referring to the belief that people cannot change and a "growth mindset" referring to the belief that people can change.
过去的研究称为这些观念为“思维模式”。其中，“定式思维”认为人们无法改变，而“成长型思维模式”认为人是可以改变的。
It creates, Tugend notes, a fixed mindset among people who won't admit or correct their deficiencies.
塔根指出，在这种人才体系下，许多人不愿承认、也不愿纠正自己的缺陷，从而导致他们形成了思维定式。
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