当前的大气环流模式（general circulation models，GCMs）通常不能准确地模拟出与大气外强迫有关的响应模态和响应强度，从而导致了预报误差的产生。
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Thus, the conservation of energy may be one of the most important constraints for oceanic general circulation models.
因此，能量守恒应当作为大洋环流模式的重要约束之一。
In this part various parameterization schemes of cloud and cloud. Radiation properties applied in general circulation models are introduced.
这一部分论述了在环流模式中应用的各种云参数化和云辐射参数化方案。
With the hindcasted predictors by general circulation models (GCMs), the downscaling model was used to hindcast July-August North China rainfall over 1991–2001.
结合模式的回报资料，利用降尺度模型对1991–2001年的华北汛期降水进行回报试验。
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