It is shown hat the process of virtual photons shortens the lifetime of atom in excitation state, and remits in drift of energy levels of the ground state of atom.

结果表明，虚光子过程使原子处在激发态的寿命缩短，并导致原子的基态能漂移。

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There is a stable ground state of the atom.

原子有一个稳定的基态。

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Use of electron mass instead of the reduced mass to calculate the ground-state energy of the hydrogen atom gives-13606ev which is in error by7parts in13000.

用电子质量代替折合质量去计算氢原子基态能量给出- 13606电子伏，误差是13000分之7。

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So another way to say that is, in a sense, if we're thinking about the excited state of a hydrogen atom, the first excited state, or the n equals 2 state, what we're saying is that it's actually bigger than the ground state, or the 1 s state of a hydrogen atom.

换句话说，如果我们激发一个氢原子，第一激发态或者说ｎ等于２的态，我们说它比氢原子基态,或者说１ｓ态要大。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Once that is done, another laser pulse will jostle the virus from its ground state into an excited state, just as a single atom is excited by moving one of its electrons from a lower to a higher orbital.

ECONOMIST: An old thought experiment may soon be realised

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

ECONOMIST: Are matter and antimatter truly opposites?