So what we think we know derives chiefly from archeological evidence, which is before writing--mute evidence that has to be interpreted and is very complicated, and is far from secure.
The deviations are too small to be seen in any single quasar, but by averaging the results for 72 quasars the team claims to have secure statistical evidence.
Ms Porter said the gap between the number of homophobic hate crime incidents reported to the police and the number of convictions exists because many cases fail to secure enough evidence for prosecution.