The key vulnerability arose as Banks and corporations in the region took on too much short-term, foreign currency external debt.

关键的脆弱性在于东亚地区的银行和企业举借了太多短期外汇外债。

youdao

To assess the absolute risk of a crisis you need to estimate external-financing needs (defined as the sum of the current-account balance and the stock of short-term debt) over the next 12 months.

为评定危机的绝对风险需要估计外部筹资需求（定义为经常账户余额和股票短期借款的总和）在接下来的12个月中。

youdao

Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private no guaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

它是长期公共债务、公共担保债务和私人非担保长期债务、IMF货款和短期外债的总和。

youdao

In the short term, pay and conditions for civil servants and the army must be improved, the external debt must be serviced, and oil companies must be paid for the government's share of joint ventures.

ECONOMIST: Letters