The algorithm discards the particle velocity and tracks the state of particle swarm by observing the overall changes in the fitness of all particles in the swarm.

该算法舍弃了粒子速度这个参数，并通过粒子群中所有粒子适应度的整体变化跟踪粒子群的状态。

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Aiming at the stagnation exists in the cooperative particle swarm optimization, presents a new kind of the cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm based on particles spatial extension.

针对协同微粒群优化存在的停滞现象，提出了一种新的基于粒子空间扩展的协同微粒群优化算法。

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During the running time, the particles are updated through the combination form of chaos update and particle swarm update so that the global convergence could balance against local convergence.

在算法运行过程中，对粒子的位置进行混沌更新和粒子群更新相结合的更新方式，使全局收敛与局部收敛达到一定平衡。

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"You can see a few almost every clear dark night if you look long enough, but periodically the Earth passes through a dense swarm of these particles which have only recently come from their parent comet, giving what we call a meteor shower, " he said.

BBC: Stargazers promised meteor show