The kernel method of test equating has five steps, including presmoothing, estimation of test score probability, continuation, equating and calculation of standard error of equating.

一般说来，核等值法有五个步骤，分别是前平滑处理、估计分数概率、连续化、等值、计算等值标准误。

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To compensate for these variations, a statistical procedure known as "equating" is used to account for differences in test difficulty.

为了对以上的变化做出补偿，我们便采取了一个称为“等同”的统计学步骤，以考虑到不同考试的难易差异。

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In large scale standardized tests, the test scores, before release, have to undergo a series of transformation processes, including score weighting, score equating, and score normalization, etc.

为了使分数带有大量信息，便于用户使用，大规模标准化考试在最终报道考试成绩前，分数要经过加权处理、等值处理、正态化转换等一系列转换过程。

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