Are such statutes valid, or are they preempted by federal law or in violation of the Commerce Clause?

这些法令是否正当？联邦法律对于这些法令是否拥有先占权？这些法令是否违背《商业条款》？收藏。

youdao

The commerce clause reaches essentially any private activity that has significant environmental consequences.

《商业条款》基本上触及到了一切可能产生重大环境后果的私人活动。

youdao

These laws raise an important commerce clause question that affects many, many industries nationally, and I believe the courts need to respond.

这些法规提出了一个重要的商业条款问题，它将影响全国的许许多多行业，我认为，法院需要作出回应。

youdao

Politicians routinely test constitutional limits but hadn t previously ascertained the Commerce Clause s precise frontier.

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Your question is whether or not there are any limits on the Commerce Clause.

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To borrow the language of the commerce clause debate, the federal government can now tax inactivity.

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