In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrape away the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped out any writing that was there.

在中世纪后期，人们习惯用磨料刮去羊皮纸的表面，把纸上的所有文字都擦得干干净净。

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Being a mercenary soldier was a respected profession in the late Middle Ages.

在中古时代的后期，作为佣兵是一个受到尊敬的职业。

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All this was destined to change in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance period.

在中世纪后期和文艺复兴时期，所有这些都是注定要发生变化的。

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The first ones, in the late Middle Ages, specialised in commercial news, mainly from abroad.

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By the late Middle Ages, most of Europe was thriving under this arrangement.

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But it has some important exceptions: Even in the late middle ages, the theologians-cum-proto-economists realized that the arbitrage effect is net of transportation costs.

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