Australia transformed itself from penal colony to one of the most popular property markets and successful developed economies.

澳大利亚就是从一个罪犯流放国跻身于备受青睐的资产市场、成为一个高度发达的国家。

youdao

The first British settlement, a penal colony at Fort Jackson (now part of Sydney), was established in 788.

英国于788年在杰克逊堡（现悉尼一部分）建立第一块流放殖民者居住地。

youdao

Xinjiang was an important penal colony for 150 years after the Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty.

清代新疆自乾隆朝统一之后的一个半世纪内，一直是重要的流放地。

youdao

His ancestors included a superintendent of convicts at the penal colony there as well as a mayor of Sydney.

WSJ: Acerbic Art Critic Who Wrote 'The Fatal Shore'

"Bachelor machines" include an apparatus from Franz Kafka's story "In the Penal Colony" meant to execute a condemned man by writing his sentence on his body which takes on Duchampian associations in a full-scale model realized for a 1975 show curated by Harald Szeemann.

WSJ: Ghosts in the Machine | New Museum | Beyond Human | By Kristin M. Jones

New South Wales, a state in southeast Australia, was founded by the British as a penal colony in 1788.

BBC: Australia��s penal colony roots