... 自顶向下程序开发：top down development 自顶向下测试：top down testing 自底向上研制：bottom up development ...
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top-down testing [计] 自上而下测试 ; 自顶向下测试
modified top-down testing 改进型自顶向下测试
top-down testing approach 自顶向下测试法
top-down n testing 自上而下测试
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A real top-down design allows early testing, easy change of different technologies, a structured system design and offers many other advantages.
一个真正的自顶向下的设计可以进行早期的测试，方便地在不同的技术间变换，结构化的设计并且提供其他的许多优点。
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Mr Obama makes top-down cuts, while testing new ways to deliver and pay for care.
ECONOMIST: Medicare reform
Right now high-stakes testing and crude top-down thinking is hampering both the public schools and the charter school movement.
FORBES: High-Stakes Testing, Choice, and Bottom-up Education
When it comes to the modern education reform movement, I am much more concerned with the testing regime and the top-down approach of many school reformers than I am with the idea of school choice.
FORBES: School Choice vs. High-Stakes-Testing
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