Because Einstein thought he needed to model a static universe, he introduced his "cosmological fudge factor" to balance the attractive gravity of matter.

因为爱因斯坦当时认为他需要建构一个静态的宇宙，因此引入一个假想的宇宙参数来平衡物质间的重引力。

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And the fudge factor is called z.

理想气体的体积。

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Economists attempt to make the fudge factor as grounded in reality as possible, but instrumental variable analysis inevitably requires the analyst to give short shrift to the hard data and make assumptions about the differences between two populations, and how external factors (like insurance status) affect them.

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