Conclusion TNFA promoter polymorphisms are important host genetic factors affecting the outcomes of HBV infection.

结论TNFA基因启动子区多态性与HBV感染结局显著关联。

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Objective:The infection and clearance of HBV may be associated with many factor, such as virus itself factor, host genetic factor and immunity factor.

目的：HBV感染与清除，不同个体的差异可能与多种因素有关，如病毒本身的因素、宿主免疫因素和遗传因素等。

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The host, whether it is a person, bird, or pig, provides a place for influenzas to make contact, exchange genetic material, and form new viruses.

无论是人、鸟还是猪，作为宿主都能为流感病毒提供接触、交换遗传物质和形成新病毒的场所。

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They enter the cell after recognizing, they fall apart inside the cell, they reproduce their DNA, or their genetic material using host mechanisms.

在识别细胞后侵入之,它们在细胞内解体,复制自身的DNA,利用宿主的遗传来机制复制自己的DNA

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The HIV retrovirus, in particular, is a single-stranded RNA virus that duplicates itself in a host cell by converting its genetic code into double-stranded DNA that is then inserted into the host cell.

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The host cell has no idea that its genetic code (which it generally needs to produce new, healthy cells) has been hijacked, for a long time at least, until the code has been copied and read to reproduce the virus many, many times by the host cell.

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But new research found that, like stem rust, stripe rust increases its genetic variability by reproducing sexually on the leaves of another host plant (the barberry), making itself more adaptable and more deadly.

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