A fragmented regulatory system that hinders the pooling of risks and obstructs the creation of new reinsurance capacity has done American consumers no favours.

零散的保险管理系统阻碍了风险集中和新分保能力的产生，同时也让美国的消费者难以收益。

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Distributed applications typically use middleware servers to leverage the system services such as transaction, security, and pooling.

典型的分布式应用会通过中间件服务器调用一些系统服务，例如事务、安全以及缓冲池等。

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The system is a combination of pooling funds and personal account.

这个系统是一个个人帐户和集体资金的结合。

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Banking scholars also argue that Islamic law blocked indigenous financial modernization in Muslim countries because of an inheritance system that restrained capital accumulation, inhibitions on pooling resources that discouraged investment diversification, and a traditional aversion to the concept of legal personhood for corporations, which hampered the development of financial entities.

FORBES: Magazine Article

So Germany is being urged to stand behind the euro by accepting the pooling of sovereign debt and collective action to shore up the banking system.

ECONOMIST: Charlemagne