The essay analyzes how to determine the compensation rate for railway value insured transportation by using optimization theory.

这种搜寻最优方案的数学理论就叫最优化理论，它在科学技术领域内有着广泛的应用。

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With China's accession into WTO, the International Value-Insured Combined Transportation now faces new challenges.

中国加入WTO，铁路国际联运保价运输面临着新的挑战。

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In other words, lower the amount insured below the actual value of the house to prevent moral hazard.

换句话说，将房屋的保险价值低估于其实际价值,以此来防范道德风险。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

This means that people differ in how much they value being insured against bad outcomes, and those who value insurance the most also happen to be those who have low expected costs.

FORBES: The Economics of All-You-Can-Eat Buffets

Deductibles now can reach 5 percent of insured value when a hurricane hits, raising questions about whether some homeowners will be able to afford repairs.

NPR: Coastal Homeowners Stagger Under Insurance Costs

Some critics also say insurers are inflating the insured value of houses, saying they would cost more to rebuild, thus raising the total bill each year without raising rates.

NPR: Coastal Homeowners Stagger Under Insurance Costs