关于人类发展的研究表明，文化，无论是作为一种对抗自然的尝试还是自然的努力，都是人类发展的一部分。

Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species.

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然而，在过去的一个半世纪里，对人类发展史的研究表明，文化的形成是生物适应的一部分。

Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation.

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美国农业部和加州大学戴维斯分校的菲利普·马丁研究了机械化趋势，以预测美国农场的发展状况。

Department of Agriculture, and Philip Martin at the University of California, Davis, have studied trends in mechanization to predict how US farms might fare.

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