Nevertheless, the extended period of low borrowing costs has bred a new breed of investor.
Uncertainty over Greece is helping force up the borrowing costs for Spain and Italy.
The public-sector banks' state guarantees have held down their borrowing costs and hence their lending rates.
The bond purchases are intended to keep long-term borrowing costs down and encourage borrowing and spending.
These costs, known as "consequential losses, " might also include overdraft charges or additional borrowing costs.
To most Americans, however, the main benefit comes in the form of lower borrowing costs.
The measure is designed to keep a lid on bond yields and borrowing costs.
The stated reason is that this is to take advantage of currently low borrowing costs.
Then the economy was growing steadily, money was plentiful and borrowing costs where cheap.
This move, too, could eventually increase borrowing costs, although banks still have years to comply.
Borrowing costs continue to plunge as investors hunt for yield in a low-rate environment.
The official investment grade reduces borrowing costs and widens the pool of potential investors.
Both may raise the banks' borrowing costs and make some of their global businesses uncompetitive.
The two countries were not prepared to leave Brussels without measures to reduce their borrowing costs.
They have also been pressuring the Reserve Bank of India to bring down borrowing costs.
Borrowing costs have been cut nearly in half as creditors take note of diminishing business risk.
But businesses are pressing for even lower cheaper borrowing costs amid signs of continued economic weakness.
There was also a successful debt auction in Italy Wednesday, as borrowing costs declined.
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Labour may put a brave face on the prospect of a potential rise in borrowing costs.
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Spain, though, faces exclusion from international debt markets thanks to prohibitively high borrowing costs.
Any interest-rate increase will result in higher borrowing costs and potentially smaller payouts for investors.
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So shipping bullion makes matters worse and means Venezuela will pay even more in borrowing costs.
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The objective of the program is to reduce the borrowing costs of state and local governments.
The ECB follows this up by intervening in the markets and lowering borrowing costs.
Under Prime Minister Mario Monti's stewardship, Italy's borrowing costs shrank and reforms are being pushed through.
Austerity, high unemployment, social unrest, high borrowing costs and banking chaos seem likely either way.
The consequences of even small changes in a bank's borrowing costs can be extreme.
Real interest rates borrowing costs after adjusting for inflation are lower than in America or Britain.
The conservative government hopes that dollarisation will cut borrowing costs, which start at around 15%.
It is also down to Spain's appetite for paying penal borrowing costs for a period.
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