The bits of trapped air are now forever encapsulated inside tiny bubbles in the ice layer they tell climatologists what gases were in the air when the snow fell.
Above-freezing temperatures also led to overflow along the trail, a potentially dangerous situation where water has pushed up through the ice and refrozen, creating a weak top layer of ice that teams and mushers can break through.
In a section on water in outer space we learn that there is a lake-size layer of ice on the moon's south pole, that Mars once had rivers, that there is steam in the sun's atmosphere.
This autonomous, solar-powered robot carries a ground-penetrating radar to study how snow accumulates, adding layer upon layer to the ice sheet over time.
ENGADGET: NASA's GROVER eco-rover to examine Greenland's ice sheet (video)
But further measurements using a laser and looking for reflections showed that much of the ice is covered with a layer of dark material tens of centimetres thick.
Methane is the principal component of natural gas, and massive amounts of it are trapped in reservoirs beneath the sea floor and under a layer of the ice-like substance.
For dessert, try coconut invasion (coconut layer cake, mango ice cream and warm chocolate sauce).
For dessert, try coconut invasion (coconut layer cake, mango ice cream and warm chocolate sauce).l La Ripaille--605 Hudson St.
The attendant got her gelati scraper spoony thing and proceeded to lavish layer upon layer of lemon, strawberry and pistachio ice cream, to create the Monte Bianco of cones.
Watching paint dry is a mere instance compared to watching ice form, but each year the organizers have to wait patiently for a solid layer of at least 30 centimeters before declaring the event safe.
It is a cracked and crumpled layer-cake of rocks, 480 million years in the making, a landscape sculpted by ice then transformed by man and a witness to the birth of the Industrial Revolution.
The sea ice expanded during Southern Hemisphere autumn and winter in response to the development of a fresh, cool surface water layer, which floated on the denser, warmer salty sea water below.
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