Many of these measures have been neutered by a growing protectionist sentiment in the country.
So far, Obama has backed away from the protectionist stands he took during the 2008 campaign.
His protectionist-sounding campaign pledges will, to a growing extent, restrict the way he can govern.
The more protectionist the world, the more exceptions to the parity rule there are.
Obama obviously understands this--which is why he has condemned the House's turn down the protectionist path.
Yet some still cling to protectionist tariffs like an overgrown child to a security blanket.
And in America, the global rules are proving an important bulwark against protectionist backsliding.
Others have disguised their protectionist instincts under a cloak of concern about labour and the environment.
Given rising protectionist sentiments among America's lawmakers, another renewal two years from now looks extremely unlikely.
The Chinese also hope Clinton will help mute the protectionist voices in the United States.
But some industry figures think Virgin's problem is a dodgy business plan, not protectionist rules.
He is a fervent free trader, much needed, as global protectionist pressures are rising.
Subsidies may indeed become a new protectionist battleground, as similar concerns play out in other industries.
Accession will prevent Russia from raising tariffs and invoking nontariff barrier protectionist measures in the future.
Nixon, who imposed an across-the-board import surcharge in 1971, was more protectionist than Mr Bush.
"It was essentially a protectionist thing, so each country could have its own airline, " said Harbison.
Moreover, governments began to abuse these loopholes for protectionist ends: anti-dumping cases and import-restricting regulations proliferated.
Exporters in all industries must also contend with anti-dumping actions, the protectionist's weapon du jour.
The other political risk is that a rising trade deficit will arouse protectionist sentiment.
And for all his anti-protectionist rhetoric, President Obama has shown surprisingly little interest in stopping them.
However, protectionist restrictions are not the only obstacle to the development of pan-Asian fund-management houses.
Given the miserable state of the world economy, protectionist pressures have been remarkably quiescent.
ECONOMIST: As Barack Obama embraces exports, trade friction looms
European leaders said high prices showed the protectionist common agricultural policy needed to be preserved.
Brazil remains quite protectionist, especially over products such as car parts and industrial machinery.
Strong growth in China's spending and imports is unlikely to dampen protectionist pressures, however.
In the 1980s, a rising trade deficit at that time with Japan fuelled protectionist pressure in Congress.
His economic instincts may well, when he is scratched, be more protectionist than liberal.
Not surprisingly, other countries have responded in kind with their own protectionist trade policies.
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In principle, Mr Bush's supposed free-trade instincts ought to ensure that he resists protectionist pressure.
This represents a net increase of 12 percentage points in protectionist sentiment between 1997 and 1998.
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