It used to be that government officials were all picked by political patronage and they, very often, were incompetent.

过去政府官员,通常都是走后门进来的,他们经常都是不称职的。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And,so,the patronage of the Empire is that he can provide railroads, he can provide money for things, and that further centralizes the state.

帝国的资助者可以提供铁路,也可以为一些事情提供钱,这些东西更加集中于国家

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And,in conclusion,the state becomes the new ways that patronage,economic,financial, cultural,political,is dispensed.

总之,国家,变成了施与经济的,金融的,文化的,政治的恩惠的新方法

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

But,the state can make or break regions with their economic patronage.

但政府可以通过调节经济资源分配,对地方进行扶持或打压

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选