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so, essentially, they're establishing or controlling or changing the difference between the charge inside the cell and the charge outside cell.
因此本质上来说，它们制造或者控制或者改变,细胞内外电荷之间的电位差。
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There's no point where the circulatory system crosses the boundary between being inside you and outside of you, it's totally internal.
循环系统绝不会,跨越人体的内外界限,它完全位于体内
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You do it so quickly that the heat flow between the inside of the bicycle pump and the outside is too slow compared to the speed at which you compress.
我们用力很大,于是压缩得很快,打气筒内外热传递的速度,与之相比要慢得多。
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So the influx of ions from the outside of the cell to the inside of And you can think of ion channels as being gated, by gated it means the gate can be closed and no ions are going through, as in this case here.
下面以离子从细胞外部流入内部,你可以把离子通道想象成是有闸门的，也就是说闸门可以关上,这时没有离子能通过，就像这种情况。
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If I'm iterating from I on the outside, I on the inside, I'm going to start changing the value and I might very well induce an infinite loop but J is okay.
如果我在外面从I开始迭代，或从里面开始迭代，我将开始改变它的值,我可能引起一个无限循环，但是用J是可以的。
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for instance, for the thermos with the coffee in if you place the boundary in the inside wall of the glass or the outside wall of the glass and the inside of the thermos, that makes a difference; different heat capacity, etcetera.
比如说，对于装咖啡的热水瓶来说,你把边界设置在瓶胆的内壁上,或者设置在瓶胆外壁上,或设在热水瓶里面，情况都是不一样的;,有不同的热容等等。
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They're not responsible necessarily for moving molecules inside and out, but they sit at the outside of the cell and they wait for signals.
它们不负责将分子运进运出,而是冲着细胞外面坐等信号
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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.
所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外
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Because of that they're barriers, they separate the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell, and only certain kinds of molecules can pass through a cell membrane.
因为它们的屏障作用,将细胞内外区隔开来,只有特定的,某些分子才能穿过细胞膜
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Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
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On the side over here shows a cell membrane and so this is outside the cell above it, and this is inside the cell below, and this is the lipid bilayer that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell.
这边这个表示细胞膜,它的上面代表细胞外部,下面代表细胞内部,这个是脂质双分子层,将细胞内外分开
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Maybe you don't control thermostats in your dorm room, some of you do and some of you don't probably, and maybe it doesn't work very well so it might not be a good example, but imagine a perfect thermostat that you set for a temperature and then the temperature stays the same inside the room no matter what the temperature is outside.
可能你根本就不理卧室里的恒温器,有些人去调它,有些人就置之不理,可能它压根就是坏的,所以这个例子也许并不恰当,但你还是想象一个完美运行的恒温器,你设定温度后房间里的温度就保持不变,不管外面温度是多少
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There's an interplay between the energy inside the gas which is the heat energy which is allowing me to do all that work to be outside, and so I'm using up some of the energy that's inside the gas to do the work on the outside.
即使没有热传递,能量也能以,做功的形式传递出去，气体的一部分内能,转化成了功。
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One of the other things that MHC1 does, in addition to marking yourselves as your own, is that it's capable of making combinations with all the different molecules that are present inside the cell and expressing them on the surface, and sort of showing them to the outside world.
HC1的另一项功能,除了给你标记一个独一无二的标签以外,MHC可以和细胞内所有不同的,分子结合 使其能够呈现在细胞表面,使其暴露于外界
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