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Somebody say it real loud. Yes, the system is working on the surroundings, right? It's pushing out against them.
有人很大声的回答了，对，系统在对外做功，他把外界向外推开。
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Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?
热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功,还是环境对系统做功？
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So their national ties to the land in the north, in the south, the center is Jerusalem and its surroundings, Bethlehem is of no immediate interest to Islam.
所以他们与这片土地的联系,无论是北部，还是南部，都是国家层面的，中央的是耶路撒冷和周边，比如伯利恒，与伊斯兰教没有直接联系。
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The next slide shows the farm, same farm and its surroundings in 1998, so you can see that a lot has happened here.
接下来这张幻灯片展示的,是1998年的这个农场的周边,你可以看到发生了很大的变化
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in which we infer the Eiffel Tower from its surroundings.
我们根据埃菲尔铁塔周围的环境来推断它是有意义的。
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They're both expansions. They'll both have net work done on the surroundings, but not the same amount, right.
是不同的，他们都是膨胀,都对外做功，但数量不同，对吧？
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It either had work, got its heat from the surroundings, or it got worked on by the surroundings.
系统从环境中，得到热量。
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So is this system doing work on the surroundings or are the surroundings doing work on the system?
那么是这个系统向外界做功呢,还是外界向系统做功呢？
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Then, after you define what your system is, whatever is left over of the universe is the surroundings.
当你定义了你的系统后，宇宙的其余部分,就是环境。
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So, the system does work on the surroundings, hence the minus sign.
系统对环境做功，因此符号是负的。
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And there is no work done on the surroundings because pressure is zero.
这里系统没有对环境做功,因为压强是零。
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If we say we have a system, and it's in its surroundings.
如果我们有一个系统，它在环境中。
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OK, so that means heat is being imparted to the system, right, from the surroundings in a manner that compensates exactly the amount of work done.
好，这表示系统,从外界吸热,吸收的热量与系统,对外做功的值相等。
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As far as you can go in the universe, that's part of the surroundings.
不管宇宙中多远的事物，都是我所处环境的一部分。
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Well the system got its work from the surroundings.
环境对系统做功。
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And then between the system and the surroundings is the boundary.
系统和环境之间的,是边界。
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du And we can say du for the surroundings.
下面讨论环境的。
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So, if I'm the system, then everything else is the surroundings.
因此，如果我是个系统，那么其他任何事物都是环境。
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I suppose we could specify the surroundings temperature.
假定我们能够,确定环境的温度。
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This is providing work that's being used in here, but if you take the whole outside of the surroundings and this whole thing is the system, no net work, these things cancel each other, and yet heat's going up.
如果把外面的全部当成环境，把这里的全部当成系统,那么就没有净的功，它们相互抵消了，热量向上传输，会发生什么？
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Saturn is my surroundings.
土星是我的环境。
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surroundings do on the system.
被定义为外界向系统做的功。
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You are my surroundings.
你是我的环境。
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