As early as the time of Edward I (1272-1307) the idea of judicial consistency can be seen in contemporary writings but this is not the same thing as binding precedent.
早在爱德华一世时期(1272- 1307)，司法一致性的理念就可以在当时的作品中看到，但是这与有约束力的先例并不是一回事。
Towards the end of the seventeenth century criticism of equity as being uncertain intensified and from that time onward equity also moved towards a system of binding precedent.
将近十七世纪末期的时候，衡平法被指常常无端拓展，从此以后衡平法也开始转向一种拘束性先例的体系。
However, the precedent would be binding on the district courts within the Fifth Circuit.
然而，这一先例会对第五巡回法院里面的地区法院产生约束力。
After descibing practical rules of application in different courts, it emphases that the binding part in a precedent actually is ratio decidendi and discusses the method of distincting it.
遵循先例的规则及哲学基础。在介绍了遵循先例原则在不同法院的操作规则后，着重指出先例中具有法律效力的乃是判决理由，并讨论了如何识别判决中的判决理由。
The second one is informal, but has practical binding forces and plays the same role with legal norms. We can call it precedent administrative cases.
第二种虽非正式的法源，却具有实质意义上的约束力，在现实中发挥着和法律规范相同的作用，可称之为“行政判例”；
The second one is informal, but has practical binding forces and plays the same role with legal norms. We can call it precedent administrative cases.
第二种虽非正式的法源，却具有实质意义上的约束力，在现实中发挥着和法律规范相同的作用，可称之为“行政判例”；
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