The third effect is to erode California's claim to have America's most highly skilled labour force.
Back in 2007 the agency thought that the potential labour force would be 160m in 2012.
Its population is ageing much more rapidly and its labour force will be shrinking after 2016.
That should be enough to draw accurate inferences about the entire American labour force.
Unemployment remained steady in the euro area at 8.3% of the labour force in June.
UAE, for instance, over 90% of the private labour force is made up of foreigners.
If unemployment benefits keep those people in the labour force, the savings could be substantial.
Using the Labour Force Survey (LFS) definition of unemployment, the overall rate here is 7.6%.
About a quarter were working part-time and just under a quarter had left the labour force.
By making it easier for women to work, it boosts the size of the labour force.
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Employing more, but less productive, workers lowers the average skill level of the labour force.
That is already more than 10% of a labour force growing at 2.3% a year.
Companies were able to shed staff while improving productivity in the remaining labour force.
Henceforth Brazil's labour force will not grow as fast, even as the pension bill rises.
That, however, was not the case in January when the labour force grew by 250, 000.
But much of this is simply a way of withdrawing potential workers from the labour force.
Chile, still dependent on natural resources, badly needs new businesses and a more skilled labour force.
Over 13m people in the euro area 10.3% of the labour force are out of work.
At the same time, the structure of the labour force may lessen the pain.
And, as Donna Simpson of City University points out, farmers like an immobile labour force.
Migrants are all the more needed because so few women are in the labour force.
It depends on whether the country can put its growing labour force to productive use.
In America the unemployment rate stands at 8.3% of the labour force, its 1983 level.
Ever more low-skilled white American men have left the labour force, many moving onto disability rolls.
Moreover, they point out, America's labour force grew remarkably quickly last year, far faster than its population.
It barely has more people than it did four years ago and its labour force has shrunk.
Within the space of a few months, 125, 000 people had arrived, increasing Miami's labour force by 7%.
Even worse, blind efforts to make every firm's workforce mirror the overall labour force can be counter-productive.
The labour force is some 6m smaller now than it would be had participation remained at 2007 levels.
Barely more than 4% of the working-age population is jobless, and inward immigration is expanding the labour force.
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